The Mid-Autumn Festival is approaching. The moon will be full and people are reunited. Some people toast the moon, missing the families while others spend time at home with food and wine. We share the same moon at all times and in all countries. However, with the development of science and technology, our information about the moon has been already beyond the understanding of the ancient line---the moonlight beside our bed seeming to be like hoarfrost on the ground.
In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft made its manned moon landing with the American astronaut Armstrong leaving the first footprint of human beings on the moon, which showed us that humans can land on the moon which has been within sight but beyond reach for millions of years. Exploring the moon is a challenging undertaking but a lot of the new technologies and new techniques it brings will make human life better and better. Since the 21st century, the exploration activities and plans on the moon of each country have promoted the rise of the second climax of the moon exploration. So far, moon explorations have been carried out by Russia (in the Soviet period), the United States, Europe, Japan, China, India and so on.
The relationship between the success of the moon exploration project and the support of scientists’ remarkable and innovative theoretical research is inseparable . Every step of the moon exploration project facilitates the progress and development of theoretical research. According to the data provided by the InCites database, we got the statistics about the research situation of papers concerning the moon exploration project from 2004 (the time of the start of China’s lunar exploration project ) to 2016. From the pie chart below, the United States is the most active in this field. The total number of papers are almost equal to China, France, and Japan, respectively ranking second, third, and fourth.
Other countries 620
Russia 105
Italy 150
Germany 170 America 3026
UK 262
Japan 321
France 391
China 399
Notes: The pie chart above shows the total number of published papers (an article as a paper) recorded in InCites database about the moon exploration of every country from 2004 to 2016.
Data sources: Thomson Reuters InCites Database
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As for the performance of single organization, the aerospace and scientific research of each country is unique and outstanding. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has published the largest number of papers about moon exploration, a total of 553. Meanwhile, citations have exceeded 5,000 times. Of the communication institutions of the authors whose total number of papers rank in the top 10, the organizations of America account for 8 seats while Chinese Academy of Sciences and European Space Agency occupy the fourth place and the seventh place, strongly breaking the supremacy of America.
The colleges and universities in every country, as the central organizations of talent training, scientific research and innovation, have outstanding performance as well. With the absolute advantage of 195 papers, California Institute of Technology tops the number of papers about moon exploration. With 54 high-quality papers, Harbin Institute of Technology in China becomes the only Asian university that ranks top 10 for total number of papers.
Organization Number Country
California Institute of Technology 195 America
Johns Hopkins 65 America
University of Colorado, Boulder 55 America
Harbin Institute of Technology 54 China
University of Arizona 49 America
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 43 America
University of California, Berkeley 38 America
Open University 33 UK
Birkbeck College of London University 32 UK
University of California, Los Angeles 30 America
Notes: The table above shows the top 10 universities whose total number of published papers (an article as a paper) recorded in InCites database about the moon exploration from 2004 to 2016.
Data sources: Thomson Reuters InCites Database
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Compared to America and former Soviet Union, Chinese moon exploration program began later but its achievements are astonishing. The moon exploration project (Chang’e Project) of China was officially launched in 2004, which was divided into three stages including moving round, falling, and returning. In 2013, the probe Chang’e 3 was launched successfully and then landed on the pre-selected area of the lunar surface, which marked China becoming the third country to realize a soft landing after the former Soviet Union and America. Absolutely, we could not have made it without the support of universities in scientific research and talent.
There are key universities in China that have offered aeronautic and astronautic majors, including Harbin Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanjing University of Science and Technology and the like. In recent years, the majors related to aeronautics and astronautics have been established in some comprehensive universities such as Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Fudan University and are endowed with enormous development potential. The universities have published numerous research papers about the moon exploration project---
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Jilin University
China University of Geosciences
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nanjing University
Wuhan University
Tsinghua University
Beihang University
Fudan University
Harbin Institute of Technology
Notes: The graph above shows the top 10 universities whose total number of published papers (an article as a paper) recorded in InCites database about the moon exploration from 2004 to 2016 as well as the corresponding number of papers of every country.
Data sources: Thomson Reuters InCites Database
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Harbin Institute of Technology has published over 54 papers related to the moon exploration from 2004 to 2016, taking the lead on the number of papers in all domestic universities. Harbin Institute of Technology is a national key university directly under the Ministry of Industry and Information as well as the first group of universities with key construction included in project 211 and project 985. In 2016, it ranks 8th in Shanghai Ranking’s Chinese Ranking of universities. What's more, all the indicators are among the best. The special undergraduate majors on astronautics are listed as follows:
Institute Undergraduate majors
Institute of Astronautics Engineering Mechanics
Aircraft Design and Engineering
Aircraft Environment and Life Support Engineering
Space Science and Technology
Compound Materials and Engineering
Electronic Science and Technology
Opt-electric Information Science and Technology
(Optics Engineering)
Electronic Information Science and Technology
Automation
Probe Guidance and Control Technology
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When talking about moon exploration, we have to recall the two powers in the south and north of China --- Beihang University and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Beihang University is a national key university directly under the Ministry of Industry and Information, the university with key construction included in project 211 and project 985 as well as the member of International Astronautical Federation. It is a comprehensive university with the special majors of aeronautics and astronautics and the advantages of engineering technology as well as the balanced development of arts and science. In 2016, it ranks 14th in Shanghai Ranking’s Chinese Ranking of universities. What's more, all the indicators are outstanding. The undergraduate majors related to aeronautics and astronautics are listed as follows:
Institute Undergraduate majors
Institute of Aircraft Design and Engineering(Astronautics)
Astronautic Probe Guidance and Control Technology(Astronautics)
Aircraft Power Engineering
Aircraft Design and Engineering
Institute of Engineering Mechanics
Astronautic Aircraft Environment and Life Support Engineering
Science and Engineering
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As the saying goes, imitating Xi He’s driving the horse, reining the stars in the sky. (Xi He was the carter of the Sun in the ancient myth of China.) Also, with the features of aeronautics, astronautics, and civil aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics is a national key university of science and technology directly under the Ministry of Industry and Information as well as one of the universities with key construction included in project 211. In 2016, it ranks 29th in Shanghai Ranking’s Chinese Ranking of universities. What's more, its power is extraordinary in the technology transfer and the university-enterprise cooperation areas. The undergraduate majors related to aeronautics and astronautics are listed as follows:
Institute Undergraduate majors
Institute of Aircraft Design and Engineering
Astronautic Aircraft Environment and Life Support Engineering
Civil Engineering
Architectural Environment and Equipment Engineering
Engineering Mechanism
Information Engineering(Aeronautic information application)
Institute of Probe Guidance and Control Technology(Astronautics)
Aeronautics Space Science and Technology
Information Engineering
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Harbin Institute of Technology participated in the study of the autonomous navigation technology of the explorer in lunar orbit, the soft landing technology, the remote control technology between the earth and the moon as well as the sensing, navigation and positioning of the rover on the lunar surface. The substantial progress made by Beihang University in the experimental facility Yuegong-1 provided the key theoretical and technological support for the establishment of the ecological environment of lunar bases; even the new astronautical technology developed by Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics was the direct result of the successful moon landing of the satellite Chang’e 3. Other universities very active in the research field of the moon exploration also gave a helping hand to the moon exploration project of our country.
Moon exploration does not only provide people with a look at ourselves in the mirror, but brings new technologies, new challenges, new enterprising spirit as well as an optimistic mind when facing stern realistic problems. Here is the persistent pursuit of the Chinese nation and even the common aspiration of people all over the world, that is, exploring the vast universe and peacefully utilizing the space. Thanks to the heroes who made great contributes to the moon exploration. They made us learn more about the extraordinary features of the moon!
Early to wish you a happy Mid-Autumn Festival!
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